Friday, September 4, 2020

Marketing and Guinness Essays

Advertising and Guinness Essays Advertising and Guinness Essay Advertising and Guinness Essay Advertising Strategy for Guinness Introduction Guinness is an eminent heavy (brew) organization in Ireland, and all through the world. It is especially popular for its remarkable taste and its quality. The brew is a symbol for Ireland, with is epic promotions and exemplary shade of highly contrasting. Arthur Guinness built up the heavy in 1759, at St. James’ Gate in Dublin. The organization has endure long stretches of rivalry through its inventive publicizing and excellent item. Statement of purpose The Guinness brand is a piece of the enormous Diageo gathering, its statement of purpose cites that they wish ‘To become one of the world’s generally trusted and regarded companies’. We feel this is been accomplished with the Guinness brand as it is abundantly regarded around the world. They are continually endeavoring to develop, and be known for their remarkable bold. Guinness has prevailing with regards to developing into the world’s number one strong brewer. In 2000 its abroad deals overwhelmed Irish and British deals, just because and these numbers have kept on developing from that point forward. Situational Analysis Company Analysis Goals Diageo as an organization are continually endeavoring to arrive at new objectives, to improve the Guinness brand and nature of the item. As of late the worldwide financial condition has taken a downturn, which has implied that the organization has needed to put forth a valiant effort to remain serious and hold their place in the worldwide market. Lately the deals of the famous Irish beverage have been falling on a local level so Diageo concluded that it would need to look further a field to creating markets for new deals. Diageo connected with the well known publicists Saatchi and began about entering the African market and making what the promoting organization call a â€Å"love mark†, portrayed as a brand that appreciates steadfastness ridiculous from purchasers. One of the company’s points is to increase an a dependable balance in this market to build deals, and benefits, and build up their overall acknowledgment of the brand. Center Diageos principle center for Guinness has and will be to keep up a result of up generally quality, with an unwavering client following. They center around publicizing to advance the strong. Culture Despite the fact that the strong is equal with Ireland, the beverage is acknowledged around the world. Guinness offers the bold to 150 nations over the world, with its top markets in Ireland, Great Britain, United States, Nigeria and Cameroon. Guinness is popular for its Irish provenance and epic shading; it is the most renowned dark bold and is blended in more than 50 nations. Guinness sell a various scope of stouts, with Guinness Draft and Guinness Foreign Extra Stout been the most mainstream around the world. Guinness considers the way of life of various nations, and comprehends that various tastes request to various districts of the world. Guinness Draft is dominatingly sold in Europe, Japan, Australia and North America. This Guinness is accessible as Guinness Original, Extra chilly, Extra smooth, and their latest †Guinness Red. Guinness Foreign Extra bold is generally famous in Caribbean, Africa and Asia, because of its marginally more grounded taste. Guinness are smart with their publicizing methodologies, this is apparent through the festival of Arthur Guinness day, it was the 250th worldwide festival a year ago, anyway because of the gigantic achievement of the day, it is presently a yearly event. The day was commended in more than 150 nations all through the world. S. W. O. T. Examination Strengths Guinness is an overall famous brand, under the Diageo PLC. Guinness’ qualities lie in the uniqueness of the brand and its keenly made promoting efforts, for example, the â€Å"good things go to the individuals who wait† battle or â€Å"its alive inside†. Diageo comprehend their business sectors and the needs of the their objective buyers. One of Guinness’ key qualities lies their close to imposing business model in the bold market, they are the main brand to sell a heavy internationally. Guinness is a surprisingly solid brand that is perceived all around. This implies purchaser acknowledgment of the item is moment, when a shopper sees the epic white and dark, they consequently consider Guinness. The â€Å"Harp of Brian Boru† is equivalent with Ireland and Guinness itself. Shortcomings One of the primary shortcomings for Guinness is the way that heavy has such a one of a kind taste which more youthful buyers find excessively solid, this implies they can't arrive at an immense number of purchasers. Another issue which Guinness face is the â€Å"old man† picture. In the event that Guinness needs to arrive at a more youthful range of the market they should move this depiction of the beverage. Most of Guinness purchasers fall under the in addition to 35 age section, with the most faithful consumers been 40 or more. Openings There are various chances, which Guinness can follow up on, from growing the worldwide brand to arriving at new markets. Guinness have changed the strong for various markets the world over, to suit the separate markets needs, in any case, we feel that there is gigantic extension to attempt target buyers under 35. By doing so they would have a more extensive scope of shoppers in the market. Guinness would need to make a somewhat lighter tasting heavy to interest the more youthful consumers, whose taste buds are less evolved. The choice to advertisement another item â€Å"Guinness Light†, to arrive at this more youthful finish of the market would support deals in a financially troublesome time. Guinness light would have a lighter taste as well as would have less calories, to speak to the wellbeing cognizant age of today. Dangers The principle dangers that the Guinness brand needs to confront today are monetary. During the worldwide downturn the brand must endeavor to be more grounded and maintain its quality. Buyers are spending less on merchandise, which they need, as paired to what they need. Individuals are more averse to go out to bars with companions, to set aside cash most buyers would decide to remain at home, anyway this is the place Guinness sold in jars is a triumph. There is likewise the danger of contenders, seen as Guinness has suffered long periods of accomplishment with the exceptional strong, different organizations may consider this to be a chance to attempt increase a portion of this achievement. Customer Analysis Statistics show that 80% of Guinness consumers fall inside the 30-60 age gathering. Guinness has consistently performed well among the more established market fragment. By and large bold consumers have increasingly full grown taste buds and are acclimated with the solid taste of the refreshment. Guinness is the quintessential Irish lager, and a procured taste. The customer estimation of the refreshment is to appreciate it following a day of work, in the bar, with companions, or if nothing else this is the normal purchaser profile of a Guinness consumer. Contender Analysis Currently Guinness is the key brand in the heavy market, which implies that contenders think that its difficult to situate their image. In Ireland Murphy’s would be Guinness’ greatest contender, they are a less well known heavy as it doesn't have a similar quality taste as Guinness, anyway the beverage is less expensive than Guinness which might be a bit of leeway to them during the downturn. A 16 ounces of Murphy’s costs somewhere in the range of â‚ ¬4 and â‚ ¬5, where as a 16 ounces of Guinness ranges from â‚ ¬4 to â‚ ¬6. Murphy’s is a modest strong, it offers to the more youthful division of the market as they are economical, and they would not be searching for quality. It isn't also referred to or perceived as Guinness as its image isn’t too settled. Other than stouts, organizations selling brew would be tremendous contenders to Guinness, particularly widely acclaimed brands, for example, Heineken. As they sell their beverage generally around a similar cost as Guinness, and target comparative if not a similar market, this as well as popular for there remarkable and epic ads. Juice speaks to a developing danger in the alcoholic market, it is a lighter beverage contrasted with a strong. The more youthful finish of the market lean towards juice; these consumers’ tastes are less procured contrasted with the more established end. Bulmers has developed its offer in the market in the course of the most recent 10 years, from 2. % to 10% ( bulmers. ie/advertising contextual analysis/default. asp). It is one of the most famous juices in the Irish market. In today’s exceptionally serious market Guinness must endeavor to build brand mindfulness, steadfastness to the brand and arrive at a more youthful market in the event that i t needs to remain as generally perceived, mainstream and a notable brand and bold in the Irish market and around the globe. Guinness’ upper hand over different stouts, juices and lagers in the market is its one of a kind taste, the way that it is equal with Ireland. Atmosphere Macro-Environmental Analysis Financial Environment Currently we are encountering a worldwide monetary downturn, which makes it hard for organizations to endure. Guinness has a solid and entrenched brand which will remain to them during these extreme occasions. Buyers are less ready to go through cash in eateries and bars, they are bound to remain in or have companions over. Guinness needs to re-strategise so as to remain serious, and keep their enormous a dependable balance in the strong market. A bigger accentuation on the bold been sold in jars might be required so as to keep their deals up. Social and Cultural Environment Guinness as a brand attempts to publicize to individuals of every single diverse culture, by doing this they can focus on an enormous customer base, as it is an item that is devoured in the three groupings of worldwide financial development. Seeing as two of the main five purchasers of Guinness on the planet are a piece of the fringe zone, they have accomplished in penetrating these zones. Their point is to connect and catch a person’s consideration and creative mind with their publicizing. By utilizing publicizing which relates to specific societies in which they are attempting to infiltr

Tuesday, August 25, 2020

Study Guide for The Piano Lesson Play

Study Guide for 'The Piano Lesson' Play The Piano Lesson is a piece of August Wilsons pattern of 10 plays known as the Pittsburg Cycle. Each play investigates the lives of African-American families. The dramatizations happen in an alternate decade, from the mid 1900s until the 1990s. The Piano Lesson debuted in 1987 at the Yale Repertory Theater. Outline of the Play Set in Pittsburg during 1936, The Piano Lesson focuses on the clashing wills of a sibling and sister (Boy Willie and Berniece) as they compete for ownership of their familys most significant legacy, the piano. Kid Willie needs to sell the piano. With the cash, he intends to purchase land from the Sutters, a white family whose patriarch helped murder Boy Willies father. Berniece, 35, demands that the piano will remain in her home. She even pockets her late spouses firearm to guarantee the pianos security. All in all, why the force battle over an instrument? To answer that, one must comprehend the historical backdrop of Berniece and Boy Willys family (the Charles family), just as a representative examination of the piano. The Story of the Piano During Act One, Boy Willys Uncle Doaker relates a progression of awful occasions in their familys history. During the 1800s, the Charles family was possessed by a rancher named Robert Sutter. As a commemoration present, Robert Sutter exchanged two slaves for a piano. The traded slaves were Boy Willies granddad (who was just 9 years of age at that point) and extraordinary grandma (after whom Berniece was named). Mrs. Sutter cherished the piano, yet she missed the organization of her slaves. She turned out to be so vexed she would not get up. At the point when Robert Sutter couldn't exchange back the slaves, he gave a unique undertaking to Boy Willies extraordinary granddad (after whom Boy Willie was named). Kid Willies incredible granddad was a talented craftsman and craftsman. Robert Sutter requested him to cut photos of the slaves into the wood of the piano with the goal that Mrs. Sutter would not miss them so much. Obviously, Boy Willies incredible granddad missed his family more sincerely than the slave proprietors. In this way, he cut excellent pictures of his significant other and kid, just as different pictures: His mom, Mama EstherHis father, Boy CharlesHis marriageHis children birthHis moms funeralThe day his family was removed To put it plainly, the piano is in excess of a treasure; it is a show-stopper, typifying the familys happiness and grief. Taking the Piano After the Civil War, individuals from the Charles family kept on living and work in the south. Three grandkids of the previously mentioned slaves are significant characters of The Piano Lesson. The three siblings are: Kid Charles: The dad of Boy Willie and Berniece.Doaker: A long-lasting railroad specialist who has in every way that really matters resigned from the worldWining Boy: A lousy card shark and once in the past capable performer. During the 1900s, Boy Charles continually griped about the Sutter familys responsibility for piano. He accepted that the Charles family was still oppressed insofar as the Sutters kept the piano, emblematically holding the Charles family heritage prisoner. On July 4, the three siblings removed the piano while the Sutters delighted in a family outing. Doaker and Wining Boy shipped the piano to another province, however Boy Charles remained behind. That night, Sutter and his gang put a match to Boy Charles home. Kid Charles endeavored to escape via train (the 3:57 Yellow Dog, to be accurate), however Sutters men obstructed the railroad. They put a match to the train unit, killing Boy Charles and four vagrants. Throughout the following 25 years, the killers met their very own ghastly destiny. Some of them strangely tumbled down their own well. Talk spread that the Ghosts of the Yellow Dog looked for vengeance. Others battle that phantoms had nothing to do with the demise of Sutter and his men - that living and breathing men tossed them into a well. All through The Piano Lesson, Sutters phantom appears to every one of the characters. His quality can be viewed as an otherworldly character or the representative remainder of a harsh society that despite everything endeavors to threaten the Charles family.

Saturday, August 22, 2020

Medical Ethics Essays - Science, Knowledge, Philosophy, Free Essays

Clinical Ethics Essays - Science, Knowledge, Philosophy, Free Essays Clinical Ethics Clinical Ethics ? Bioethics contain each conceivable part of medicinal services, clinical, good, social, political, strict, lawful and budgetary? (Weiss 3). This incorporates the inquiries raised by new research. It investigates the aftereffects of that examination that is utilized on patients. It contemplates contemporary thoughts of individual flexibility and human respect. It manages development in clinical administrations accessible in the United States and the soaring expense. Bioethics likewise manages the clinical advances in innovation that has reshaped customary clinical morals. Clinical morals have changed definitely over a time of years. From old decrees to new edicts, rules that give basic system, exemplary tests that challenge that structure, or even how things are characterized in clinical morals. ?Clinical advancement goes on, and the dangers of progress must be paid attention to? (Leone 165). Changing occasions have thus changed our codes of morals. There are five old precepts of morals and five new charges of morals. These charges originate from numerous long periods of intensely prompted directs from different individuals. A decree by definition is, ? ... a direct or an unequivocally instructed piece with respect to exhortation? (Halsey 201). The main customary decree is, ? Treat all human life as of equivalent worth? (Artist 190). This announcement is extremely hard to follow; basically no individual accepts this announcement entire heartedly. The announcement bodes well on paper or simply being heard, however its application in life is practically difficult to guarantee. In contrast with the main old ethic, the primary new ethic states, ?Recognize that the value of human life differs? (Vocalist 190). This announcement takes into consideration variety and bearableness in the public eye. It gives path for somebody to state, if an individual is a vegetable, has no crucial abilities, this person?s life is of no value any longer. Without this kin d of progress in today?s propelling human advancement, it would make it morally wrong to ?reassess? (Rothstein 1698.) The following instruction of old morals is, ? Never deliberately take guiltless human life? (Vocalist 192). On the off chance that a specialist or any medicinal services proficient just remained by during the introduction of a kid and both the kid and the mother were passing on, how could that specialist remain there and watch both the mother and the newborn child pass on without making some technique for move. Notwithstanding, if that doctor were to spare either understanding while at the same time relinquishing the life of the other, that human services proficient would be viewed as exploitative and disdained by the standard of this moral instruction. In examination, the new rule states, ?Take obligation regarding the results of your decisions?(Singer 195). By the token of this statement a doctor can settle on a decision dependent on his/her best judgment, yet; be considered responsible for their activities. This enables a specialist to utilize his/her best judgment and educated aptitudes, to do what they accept is best for the patient. This announcement takes into account a person?s option to through and through freedom, even an individual who is a Christian may all the more completely concur with this announcement only for the unadulterated explanation that they need to accept more in God?s guarantee of unrestrained choice in their life. Edict number four states,? Be productive and duplicate? (Vocalist 198). This scriptural directive has been a piece of Christian morals for a large number of years. ? Augustine said that sex without reproduction ' transforms the wedding chamber into a house of ill-repute (Singer 198). A few laws in America concerning contraceptives made due until the mid-1960?s when the Supreme Court announced them intrusion of protection (Madsen 325). The reconsidered edict number four, ?Bring youngsters into the world in p articular on the off chance that they are needed? (Vocalist 199), considers populace control just as anticipation of kids who were rarely needed and not adored. From 1930 when the populace was two billion to today where the populace is more than five billion and is required to transcend eleven billion by the center of the following century. With these sorts of insights reexamined directs, for example, this fourth one, are fundamental. The last of these five old precepts state, ? Treat all human life as in every case more valuable than any non-human life? (Artist 201). In the event that we contrast a seriously damaged human newborn child and a

Geology 3-8 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Geography 3-8 - Essay Example The movement of plates arranged here is ceaseless and quakes happen much of the time since California is situated in a shortcoming fragment. This implies it is a Transform-Fault Plate type. A tidal wave is characterized as a solid sea wave that is the consequence of for the most part a seismic tremor or now and again a volcanic ejection. ( Hamilton, 2005). The reasons for Tsunamis are fundamentally seismic tremors that cause the ocean bottom to rise or fall. This happens when plates hit with one another over and over at the outskirt of a plate. Tidal waves happen when the earth’s hull gets disfigured because of tremors and the first situation of the plates gets upset ( Tankut, 2009). Plates attempt to cover one another and the heavier ones move under the less thick ones again making the lithosphere disfigure. Other than that, when the ocean bottom gets raised or deformed, a tidal wave can be made and, after its all said and done. The Great Pacific Garbage fix, as it name suggests is a tremendous fix of trash in the northern locale of the Pacific Ocean. The size of the fix is as yet not exceptionally clear but rather it is in the northern bit of the Pacific Ocean. This is because of the way that plastics don't get obliterated however get changed over into destructive substances that continue dirtying the air and water around them subsequently making it hazardous for individuals who live or travel from that point. It has additionally been harming submarine and submerged hardware just as untamed life. Green House Effect is characterized as a procedure identified with material science that catches and traps heat in the environment of the earth. It is an aftereffect of the interface between the climate and the sunlight. Basically, the carbon dioxide that the environment contains retains the warmth which raises the temperature of the air. It's anything but a layer of carbon dioxide in the sky that reflects heat down as it emanates from the Earths surface. Warmth is consumed by the

Friday, August 21, 2020

Teeens in concentration camps Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Teeens in inhumane imprisonments - Research Paper Example Cynthia Ozicks The Shawl depicts the brutalities of Nazi inhumane imprisonment. Stories and accounts about the death camps exhibit the ceaseless severity and wretchedness that the Jewish little youngsters and adolescents looked during the rule of Hitler. In the inhumane imprisonments adolescents were selected for the Nazis and compelled to experience substantial military practices. These high schooler officers had been instructed for battle, and the vast majority of the warriors had scarcely even known about these death camps. In Nazi death camps the high schooler warriors have met a huge number of ravenous and battling masses including small kids who had seen and watched deaths, oppression, yearning and attack they likewise had been dehumanized. Eleanor H. Ayer bolsters â€Å"They were killed in light of the fact that they had Jewish blood, and nothing they could do could change that.† (Ayer 7-8). Adolescents who have been enlisted in to the Nazi power additionally experienced serious preparing programs and exacting disciplinary exercises. A significant number of them have gotten away from these inhumane imprisonments in view of dehumanization and different conditions which were past their capacity of continuance. During the hour of Nazi development in Germany, loads of the teenagers became rescuers when their folks decide to disguise Jews. The young people made due in the ghettos of Lodz and they likewise lived in Warsaw. In all there places they have needed to continue physical shortage, abuse, and transportation to the concentration camp. The Jews who lived in these death camps were exposed to extreme physical tormenting and frequently executed. Then again, for about all detainees, real festival was impractical. The book Liberation: Teens in the Concentration Camps and the Teen Soldiers Who by Tina Tito calls attention to that â€Å"They constructed concentration camps busy with the most refined innovation accessible so as to murder the Jews. With the help of teammates (non-Germans who

Thursday, August 6, 2020

This was meant to be written a week and a half ago

This was meant to be written a week and a half ago Yeah, Ive been a slacker about writing this up. So in my last entry, Caltechs cannon appeared at MIT for CPW, complete with intricately machined ring around the barrel. Of course, it was not going to stay forever, and Id heard rumors of Caltech coming to claim it. The Monday after CPW I enjoyed seeing so very many of you, by the way :) I was asleep. Because it was 6:45 in the morning. And Id gone to bed sort of later than I meant, and I have a Monday class at 9:30 in the morning, which is early by MIT standards. Two things happened at almost exactly the same time to interrupt my sleep (and nearly give me a heart attack Im not so keen on sudden loud noises, especially when Im sleeping): 1) Dennis 08 banged on my door to tell me that Caltech had come to retrieve their cannon and that we were throwing a party. 2) Brian 08 called me on my phone to tell me that Caltech had come to retrieve their cannon and that we were throwing a party. I was tempted to go back to sleep, but desire not to miss a big event won out. So I got dressed and stumbled out into the obnoxiously cold and damp early morning air, grumbling about those [obscenity] Caltech people deciding to show up at this [obscenity] [obscenity] ungodly hour on this [obscenity] freezing day when I had an [obscenity] early class. The Caltech people had been intending to sneak off unnoticed with the cannon, leaving a cute toy one in its place. We werent supposed to know about it. Instead, we met them by the cannon with music, a hastily-made paper banner, and a grill with burgers and hot dogs. They didnt want to eat, though, until they had loaded the cannon up. Here comes Fleming House. Its their cannon. All photos are credit of Rob Radez 06. Fleming House worked very hard to wheel the cannon out to Ames St. where the truck waited. Here they are wheeling it past Transparent Horizons, the sculpture that lives in the East Campus courtyard. We tried really hard to get them to take Transparent Horizons too, Brer Rabbit style. Oh no, anything but Transparent Horizons! Dont take Transparent Horizons! *cough* They didnt take the bait, sadly. There ended up being about 40 MIT people there, mostly sleepy East Campus residents in pajamas. Here, we watch as Fleming tries to load the cannon onto the truck. This took a while. We kept offering them the few burgers that had already been grilled. They ignored us, probably because they were too busy doing hard physical labor on no sleep in freezing weather, so the burgers got cold. I ate one. I was hungry. After they loaded the cannon onto the truck, they became much happier and friendlier. We all went back to the Dot (the grassy area in front of building 54) and partied. Campus Police made us turn off the music and complained a lot about it being an unregistered party. I guess I can see their position, but I ask you, how were we going to register a party at that time of night on that notice? Eventually I left the party so that I could pretend to sleep for half an hour before getting ready for class. Im glad I was there. Its one of those things where I suspect that in several years I would be sad if I hadnt been there. Kind of like the Time Travelers Convention, only less of a circus. Too bad I wasnt a blogger when the TTC happened. That would have been fun to write about.

Thursday, June 25, 2020

Regression Analysis Credit Balance Versus Income, Size, Years - 275 Words

Regression Analysis: Credit Balance Versus Income, Size, Years (Coursework Sample) Content: Regression and Correlation Analysis Regression Analysis: Credit balance versus Income, Size, Years Analysis of Variance Source DF Adj SS Adj MS F-Value P-Value Regression 3 36973471 12324490 61.17 0.000 Income 1 9381778 9381778 46.57 0.000 Size 1 16682665 16682665 82.80 0.000 Years 1 216131 216131 1.07 0.305 Error 51 10275009 201471 Total 54 47248480 Model Summary S R-sq R-sq(adj) R-sq(pred) 448.855 78.25% 76.97% 74.60% Coefficients Term Coef SE Coef T-Value P-Value VIF Constant 1394 270 5.16 0.000 Income 29.53 4.33 6.82 0.000 1.14 Size 315.6 34.7 9.10 0.000 1.11 Years 13.0 12.6 1.04 0.305 1.07 Regression Equation Credit balance = 1394 +  29.53  Income +  315.6  Size +  13.0  Years Above are the regression analysis results 1 Perform the Global Test for Utility (F-Test). Explain your conclusion. The global test is usually used to test all ÃŽ ²Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s within a model. This is usually performed through F-test. In this f-test, the hypothesis to be tested will be; H0: ÃŽ ²1=ÃŽ ²2=ÃŽ ²3= 0 Ha: at least one ÃŽ ²j ≠  0 Decision: reject H0 if p-value0.05 From the regression analysis results, the F-statistic=61.17 with p-value=0.000. Therefore, we will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that at least one ÃŽ ²j ≠  0 at 0.05 level of significance 2 Perform the t-test on each independent variable. Explain your conclusions and clearly state how you should proceed. In particular, which independent variables should we keep and which should be discarded. In order to perform this analysis, we will find the critical t-value and compare it with the computed t-statistic. Hypothesis test for ÃŽ ²1; H0: ÃŽ ²1= 0 Ha: ÃŽ ²1≠  0 Critical value, tÃŽ ±2,n-k=t0.025,52=2.009 Decision: reject H0 if tÃŽ ²1tÃŽ ±2,n-k Test statistic From the above table, tÃŽ ²1=6.82 Since tÃŽ ²1tÃŽ ±2,n-k We will reject the null hypothesis and conclude that ÃŽ ²1≠  0 at 5% level of si...

Saturday, May 23, 2020

My Soul Is Rested The Story Of The Civil Rights Movement

Through out grade school we as the general public are presented with an extremely small amount of information on the Civil Rights Movement, that of a sample size to give us a general idea of what truly went on through out the country and the Deep South. Our foundation on the education of this historical moment is based on are these big names such as Martin Luther King Jr. or Rosa Parks, who are not only known country wide but world wide. There are hundreds, thousands, and quite possibly millions of civil rights activists who are lesser know or even known at all. In Howell Raines novel My Soul Is Rested: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South, Raines expressed the oral history of these lesser-known individuals and their†¦show more content†¦Take Andrew Marrisett’s story for example, he said he was driving the church bus on a Sunday and say a some 6 year old child having a K-9 dog sent on her, and as any decent human would he jumped in front of the att acking K-9 and tried to help the little girl. As a result he was then arrested and the dog was sicced onto him. Marrisett went on to tell Raines â€Å"That really was the spark. I had an interest all along, but that just took the cake-a big, burly two-hundred-and-eighty-five-pound cop siccing a trained police dog on a little girl, little black girl.† (Raines, 146) I could pick out any one activists story from this novel and point out the way they were mistreated and how that affected their involvement in this movement, no African American were treated right during this time. They were taken away in the thousands and transposed like cattle in old school busses. We are still seeing similar attentions today, 50-60 years later. Obviously not in such a large amount but there are enough cases for a march at the nations capital on December 13, 2014 where an estimated 25,000 people came together to protest the recent killings of black males by the police. Those activists in the 1900à ¢â‚¬â„¢s set an outline for marches for years to come, but it took more than just marches to get what they fought. Another popular form of protest were sit ins, which were where these colored people would go into segregated areaShow MoreRelatedMy Soul Is Rested1631 Words   |  7 PagesOption B The Civil Rights Movement in the United States refers to a set of events and reform movements in that country aimed at bringing to an end public and private acts of racial discrimination and racism against African Americans between 1954 to 1968, Whenever the civil rights is brought up there are names that almost always come to mind like Dr Martin Luther King Jr, Malcolm X, and Rosa Parks. But there are others both black and white that participated in the movement. That are not as famousRead MoreEssay on My Soul Is Rested1383 Words   |  6 PagesMy Soul Is Rested: A Critique of Raines Work. The Civil Rights Movement in the Deep South is one that is well known and familiar to us all. We all know of Dr. Martin Luther King Jr., the charismatic preacher who was undisputedly the leader of the civil rights movement in the South. We have all also heard of Rosa Parks, the black woman who would not give up her seat in the bus and was thus arrested for it, she was the catalyst that sparked the civil rights movement. They were the famous peopleRead MoreDoes Hip Hop have a Place in the Church?696 Words   |  3 Pages In an effort to reclaim the lives and souls of our youth the church began to embrace hip hop into the ministry. There has been great debate on whether or not hip hop has its place in our churches today. I feel that it does simply because hip hop is simply a tag or label placed on the music of African Americans and Latino that used this method of music as a forum to express how they feel. If we take away the word hip hop and the cursing while our youth express themselves in church their musicRead MoreThe Civil War Of The American South3167 Words   |  13 Pages In the time after the Civil War the American South found itself in a sudden and un-prepared for state of great cultural flux, which came coupled with the destruction and rebuilding efforts of the physically ravaged post-war landscape; dubbing this new post-antebellum Southern era the time of Reconstruction. The beginning of this time saw the freeing of the slaves and the end of (legal) slave economics in the South, and th erefore brought with it an initial sense of hope for the black Southern inhabitantsRead MoreBibliographic Essay on African American History6221 Words   |  25 PagesNegro in the Free States, 1790-1860 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1961); and, Gary B. Nash, Forging Freedom: The Formation of Philadelphia s Black Community, 1720-1840 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1988). Both Shane White, Stories of Freedom in Black New York (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2002); and, Marvin McAllister, White People Do Not Know How to Behave at Entertainments Designed for Ladies Gentlemen of Colour: William Brown’s African American Theater (ChapelRead MoreBirmingham Jail Letter Essay4668 Words   |  19 Pagesuntimely. Seldom, if ever, do I pause to answer criticism of my work and ideas. If I answer all of the criticisms that cross my desk, my secretaries would have time for little else, and I would have no time for important work. But since I feel that you are men of good will and your criticisms are sincerely offered, I would like to answer your statement in what I hope will be patient and reasonable terms. I think I should give the reason for my being in Birmingham, since you feel we are outsiders comingRead MoreAnalysis Of Homer s The Odyssey 2311 Words   |  10 Pagesdiscovering his old enemy s new need for his bow and his plans to wrest it from him, Philoctetes flies into a rage, swearing never to help Odysseus even though a cure for his foot also awaits him at Troy. Until this point, the play s focus had rested firmly upon Odysseus Machiavellian scheming and upon his villainy. But after Neoptolemus s revelations, the main obstacle preventing Philoctetes from returning to Troy and to his health is no longer Odysseus but Philoctetes himself. His stubbornnessRead MoreThe Great Northwoods Essay7709 Words   |  31 PagesThe Great Northwoods As with all things, the history of an event does not begin at its conception. With this in mind, it is my intention to provide the reader with a general history of events that led to the formation of the Nicolet National Forest of northern Wisconsin. In order to do so, I found it necessary to begin with the early explorations of such notables as James Cartier, Samuel de Champlain, and Jean Nicolet. These French explorers blazed a path that enabled the settlingRead MoreAfro-Asian Literature10586 Words   |  43 Pagesimpression on me. If asked to define their influence, I can only say they aggravated my ill temper and made me, frankly speaking, more and more misanthropic. One incident, however, struck me as significant, and aroused me from my ill temper, so that even now I cannot forget it. It happened during the winter of 1917. A bitter north wind was blowing, but, to make a living, I had to be up and out early. I met scarcely a soul on the road, and had great difficulty in hiring a rickshaw to take me to S---- GateRead MoreImportance of Intercultural Communication to Ist7702 Words   |  31 Pagespeople of different civilizations have different views on the relations between God and man, the individual and the group, the citizen and the state, parents and children, husband and wife, as well as differing views of the relative importance of rights and responsibilities, liberty and authority, equality and hierarchy. Such issues as (God, loyalty, family, community, state, allegiance, etc.) have been part of every culture for thousands of years. To better understand any culture, one needs to

Monday, May 18, 2020

Economics is a Part of History - 2129 Words

The world grew up with an economical system. Money was around for many years, and even before people would trade things with a price. Economics is a major part in history, as it is the foundation for many great countries. Places like France and Britain have their own economic system, and so do places like America. However, there are times when the economy fails miserably. Such a time was during the Great Depression at the time of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and even nowadays due to the Financial Crisis of 2007-08. These crashes show how Americas economy once failed itself, and how it eventually regained its footing on higher ground. Although there is much struggle in todays economic structure, during the Great Depression, it was much worse. To begin with, the Great Depression began, amongst other reasons, due to the Wall Street Crash of 1929. The Wall Street Crash began in the late October of 1929. It was the most destructive stock market crash in the United States. It began with a time called the Roaring Twenties, the years that came after World War I and pretty much caused the crash. It was a time where many Americans migrated into cities with hopes of fulfilling the American Dream of starting a new and becoming wealthy (AE Television Networks). As American cities prospered, people neglected the US agriculture industry, the countryside. With the constant migration from more rustic areas to cities, a financial depression loomed over farmers. Despite theseShow MoreRelatedNat Books Essay1170 Words   |  5 Pagessubjects: History, Geography, Economics, Political Science, Sociology, Fine Arts, and Science. NCERT Books: History †¢ History: NCERT Class VI – Our Past †¢ History: NCERT Class VII – Our Past -I †¢ History: NCERT Class VIII – Our Past II and III †¢ History: NCERT Class IX – India and the Contemporary World – I †¢ History: NCERT Class IX – India and the Contemporary World – II †¢ History: NCERT Class X – Themes In World History †¢ History: NCERT Class XII – Themes In Indian History – I †¢ History: NCERTRead More Population, Class Structure, and Economics: An Interconnected Web843 Words   |  4 PagesSylvia Nasar’s, Grand Pursuit: The Story of Economic Genius, Nasar describes the history of economics from the theories of Dickens and Malthus in the 1800s, to Maynard Keynes and Freidrich Hayek in the early 1900s, and into FDR’s policies and the emergence of China as a world economic power. Ultimately, throughout the history of economics four major principles have been exhibited through a variety of areas including the relationship between economics and class structure, population, and . DickensRead MoreHow Have New Emphases And Interpretative Lenses Is History1269 Words   |  6 Pages How have new emphases and interpretative lenses emphasizing history from below affected the more traditional subfields of political, military, diplomatic, and sectional history and how do they affect world history. During the past century these four subfields have evolved within themselves to rise from their traditional methodologies of study to incorporating social and cultural historiography to better analyze their subject matter; while turning from an inner study, as it applies to the UnitedRead More History in the Staples Approach Essay1279 Words   |  6 PagesOne of Canadas contributions to the history of ideas has been a kind of historical economics. Now a neglected artifact within the history of economic thought, as economics has moved on to non-historical, modeling approaches to understanding, the staples approach can serve to show how economics can be enriched by a historical dimension. What is the staples approach and what makes it especially suitable to an investigation of how history informs economic understanding? The staple theory has Read MoreHistory and Evolution of Health Care Economics Essay936 Words   |  4 PagesHistory and Evolution of Health Care Economics University of Phoenix History and Evolution of Health Care Economics Health care economics have drastically changed over the course of history in the United States. While some can contribute these changes due to the evolutionary changes the US has undergone since her inception, the major contributing factors that influence the changes in health care economics are advances in technology and medical care. By understanding the history of healthRead MoreEssay about Classical Principles or Arguementation805 Words   |  4 Pagesdiscusses what other events in history have contributed to poverty, and how nothing is being done about it by the government. He begins in part 1 using pathos, â€Å" There they were on our television screens, the storm’s most desperate victims- disproportionately poor and black, wading through muddy water, carrying children and plastic bags containing a few meager possessions.† This was his view of the people that were left in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. In part 6 of his work, â€Å"But there is noRead MoreGlobalization : A Short History1720 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout history much has evolved in the world we live in today. Nations that were once empowering and controlled many parts of the world today are seen less superior and most likely to keep peace and order rather than starting violence. In Jujen Osterhammel and Niels P. Petersson’s book Globalization: A Short History, they investigate what led to globalization. They discuss events in history starting from the 1800s to the cold war era and what events led to globalization. Osterhammel and PeterssonRead MoreThe Betwe en Eastern And Western Europe1191 Words   |  5 Pageshistorical events in modern European history. History allows understanding of what drives the divided in Europe into the contemporary times. Eastern Europe has specific regional issues that divide it from Western Europe. The most important are the weak governments and economics. The lack of strength in government allowed for the rise of empires to take over the region; sadly, this leads to the ethnic division within the regions, as people groups moved to different parts of an empire. The combination ofRead MoreThe United States : A World Leader And Its Responses Will Have Key Consequences1693 Words   |  7 Pagesthe form of economic, social, and political pressure on the country. Some of these shifts in policy and world view were brought on by necessity such as the energy crisis of the 1970’s. Others were by choice of policymakers such as Cold War foreign relations and the response to 9/11 and invasion of Iraq. The Uni ted States will continue to face global challenges as a world leader and its responses will have key consequences worldwide. Many of the early global forces on American history of this eraRead MoreThe History of Money and Banking1808 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction The etymology of the word history comes from the Greek word historia, which means, â€Å"to inquire or knowing by inquiry.† With this history of Money and Banking, has tried to inquire into its history to grasp a better understanding of how to create a stable currency, about the positives and negatives of central banking, and how the federal government is involved in the economy. Additionally, the research was used to understand the past in order to better understand in the present what

Tuesday, May 12, 2020

Programming in Java 2019

Java is actually more than a programming language. It is technology that was developed by Sun Microsystems which provides both a programming language and a platform that will run on any operating system. The programming language itself is an object-oriented format with some highly developed technical features. Java technology includes the Java virtual machine, which enables Java programs to run on your computer regardless of your operating system. The Java platform has been issued in three editions: the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition which is designed for desktop computers; the Platform Enterprise Edition that is targeted at servers; and Micro Edition which allows Java to operate on small consumer products such as PDAs. Java was developed in the Sun labs in the early 1990s. It is a derivative of C++, a widespread object-oriented computer language that was almost universal in its use for writing consumer software programs since its introduction in the early 1980s. Java was formally introduced in 1994 and, in an early business victory, was incorporated into Netscape at the height of that browsers popularity. The Java platform provided animation and interactivity features to the browser in the form of applets, small Java programs that would present a small animation clip, game or advertising feature, and that can run in a web browser. .u2e1197b73a41b6c29d9fe66f5f4c2a28 { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u2e1197b73a41b6c29d9fe66f5f4c2a28:active, .u2e1197b73a41b6c29d9fe66f5f4c2a28:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u2e1197b73a41b6c29d9fe66f5f4c2a28 { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u2e1197b73a41b6c29d9fe66f5f4c2a28 .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u2e1197b73a41b6c29d9fe66f5f4c2a28 .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u2e1197b73a41b6c29d9fe66f5f4c2a28:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Technology Universities and CollegesJavas popularity in browser format has been eroded by Macromedias Flash product; the Microsoft browser now rules the desktop universe and Java is no longer included in Explorer. Java has, however, emerged as the multimedia application of choice for many websites and so continues to thrive on the internet. There are relatively few consumer software programs based on Java because of the computer resources required to run Java programs. Some file sharing programs utilize it and a version of it is being developed to compete with the Microsoft.net program. Java functions well in the server environment, with sufficient computing power to make the platform and programming run at an acceptable speed. Web services and enterprise programs use Java because it will run on any platform, making Java a useful component in networked services. In the area of computer programming education, Java consumes its own courses and in some cases, is its own major for IT degrees. Kaplan University has an associates in information technology and an IT bachelors degree available, both specializing in Java programming. .u397cd3e94ae5d659a956192d5ffdc7cb { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .u397cd3e94ae5d659a956192d5ffdc7cb:active, .u397cd3e94ae5d659a956192d5ffdc7cb:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .u397cd3e94ae5d659a956192d5ffdc7cb { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .u397cd3e94ae5d659a956192d5ffdc7cb .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .u397cd3e94ae5d659a956192d5ffdc7cb .post Title { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .u397cd3e94ae5d659a956192d5ffdc7cb:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Illinois Colleges and Universities Pursuing Online and Campus-Based Education in Illinois, The Inland EmpireThere are IT certification programs for Java programming available through Sun and other sources. Online tutorials in Java are numerous, as there seems to be a large group of Java- oriented programming enthusiasts who post instructions for various Java uses, and offer tutorials in the several versions of Java that have been introduced since the original in 1994. There are also a number of Java spin-offs designed to provide specific programs. Many of them are server-based functions that interact with web pages or provide a business function within a network. Java programming is a world of its own its own language, its own platform, and its own linking apparatus to every major operating system. Java is a unique product that requires considerable dedication from the programmer but often produces favorable results. Related ArticlesHow to Teach Yourself Computer ProgrammingComputer Programming What is itStudy Computer Science OnlineTo C or Not To C That is the Programming QuestionFind Computer and Technology Degree ProgramsComputer Science Technology .uc6610c319d0e493bdb28cc14c11a5cbc { padding:0px; margin: 0; padding-top:1em!important; padding-bottom:1em!important; width:100%; display: block; font-weight:bold; background-color:#eaeaea; border:0!important; border-left:4px solid #34495E!important; box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -moz-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -o-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); -webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.17); text-decoration:none; } .uc6610c319d0e493bdb28cc14c11a5cbc:active, .uc6610c319d0e493bdb28cc14c11a5cbc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; text-decoration:none; } .uc6610c319d0e493bdb28cc14c11a5cbc { transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 25 0ms; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; } .uc6610c319d0e493bdb28cc14c11a5cbc .ctaText { font-weight:bold; color:inherit; text-decoration:none; font-size: 16px; } .uc6610c319d0e493bdb28cc14c11a5cbc .postTitle { color:#000000; text-decoration: underline!important; font-size: 16px; } .uc6610c319d0e493bdb28cc14c11a5cbc:hover .postTitle { text-decoration: underline!important; } READ Bachelor Degree in Business Online Improve Employment Prospects with Formal Training in Business

Wednesday, May 6, 2020

Operant Conditioning in the Criminal Ju Essay - 2660 Words

Operant Conditioning in the Criminal Justice System Z. M. Keys Psychology of Criminal Behavior CCJS 461 17 October 2014 The only way to tell whether a given event is reinforcing to a given organism under given conditions is to make a direct test. We observe the frequency of a selected response, then make an event contingent upon it and observe any change in frequency. If there is a change, we classify the event as reinforcing to the organism under the existing conditions. (Skinner, 1953) What does that even mean? Scientists use so many worlds to say the simplest things. Basically, behavioral psychology is known as behaviorism and based on a theory of learning that is significantly contingent on the premise†¦show more content†¦After associating the neutral stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus, the sound of the bell alone will start to evoke salivating as a response. The sound of the bell is now known as the conditioned stimulus and salivating in response to the bell is known as the conditioned response (Cherry, 2014) . The term operant conditioning, first came on the scene by Edward Tho rndike. Edward Thorndike is famous in psychology for his work on learning theory that lead to the development of operant conditioning within behaviorism. However, â€Å"B.F. Skinner is responsible for expanding the field of behaviorism after the early work of E.L. Thorndike, and his law of effect. Skinner divided behaviorism into respondent conditioning and operant conditioning, the latter of which he defined as explaining how the consequence of a behavior controlled the future occurrence of that same behavior. Skinner believed all behavior could be explained by an action performed and the valence of its consequence. Skinners most famous research studies were simple reinforcement experiments conducted on lab rats and domestic pigeons, which demonstrated the most basic principles of operant conditioning. His work remains extremely influential in the worlds of psychology, behaviorism, and education† (Boundless, 2014). The term operant conditioning, was latter coined by B.F. Ski nner. Skinner’s work with operant theory was built off of Edward Thorndike’s theory. (McLeod S. A., 2007). Operant conditioning, is alsoShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesafter an off-duty police officer hired by Raybestos produced evidence that she was His SUV carefully obscured behind a row of trees, Rick Raymond, private investigator, was on another case. This case was not to catch the unfaithful spouse or petty criminal in action. Instead, Raymond was tracking an employee, at the request of an employer, to determine whether an Orlando repairman was sick as he claimed today and as he had claimed to be several times recently. As we have seen, absenteeism is a huge

Advance Marketing FINAL Revision Free Essays

With the current high competition being witnessed in all industries, companies are increasingly being faced with new challenges to come up with new marketing strategies that can ensure that they retain or even increase their market share. To achieve this, companies can undertake market research which is a process that involves gathering of information, recording and analysing the data. This process involves gathering information concerning competitors and customers that exist in the market. We will write a custom essay sample on Advance Marketing FINAL Revision or any similar topic only for you Order Now Market research is very fundamental in monitoring the companies’ sales and product performance. It also helps organisations get vital information that helps in expansion to new markets. This helps in determining or forecasting the customers that will purchase the product. This includes the customer’s income levels, their location and age among others Industry overview /Company This paper will examine the Audi Auto Company in UK; Audi Auto Company is an old auto company established way back in 1932, in Germany. The company has an emblem with four rings which is a symbol of amalgamation of four past independent auto companies that amalgamated in1932 to give way to Audi. These companies were, Audi, Horch, DKW and Wanderer. Today Audi Auto Company is a manufacturer of lovely cars which are sophisticated, beatifically machines that exemplify technological perfection. There are plenty of Audi car models some includes, 265PSS3 Quattro, the TT Coupe 2.0 TFSI S Tronic, the A4 2.0 TDI S saloon and many other models which are available on the market. (Audi Auto Company, 2007) Today, Audi Auto Company is an international motor company which its presence in several countries all over the world. It has established branches in many countries including the UK. The company’s UK headquarters is in Yeomans drive, Blake lands, the company is a division of Volkswagen Group United Kingdom limited. Audi motto is â€Å"Vorsprung durch Technik† which means technology progress. The company success in the auto industry has been based on the company core values of creativeness, enthusiasm and commitment towards its goals. The company also is customer oriented and it strives to incorporate the desires of its customers in everything it does.   Audi Auto Company endeavours to lead the way through continuous innovation and setting new standards that define auto industry technology. (Audi Auto Company, 2007) Project statement This research report critically examines and analysis marketing and its influences in contemporary business and with particular regard to Audi Auto Company based in the United Kingdom. This will entail thorough analysis of the marketing policies and strategies that have been adopted by the company, analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats that Audi Auto Company undergoes in line with the ever increasing ambiguity and uncertainty that may come up due to effects of globalization and ever changing business environment. This study will also critically evaluate the effectiveness of this organisation response to competition and the gaps that exist in the marketing strategies of the company. This management report will further outline recommendations for new entrant in to the industry and what he should undertake in order to succeed in this ever very competitive industry. Pricing matrix; Pricing of a product is one of the marketing mix aspects and it is very important as it defines the worth of a product. Audi Auto Company has adopted various pricing matrix to achieve its objective of improving the company sales. Methods of pricing Premium pricing Premium pricing is the use of a high price which indicates uniqueness of the car manufactured and its magnificence.   This approach is applied when marketing luxurious cars from the company. (Cinchona, 2005) Penetration pricing The company takes up penetrating pricing when introducing it cars to new markets or countries. In this pricing strategy, the price for the cars can be set to be lower than what it is in other countries so as to gain a market share. It includes a   low price strategy enables a penetration price which is necessary to allow more cars to sell at first but when it catches up, other pricing strategies are adopted. (Cinchona, 2005) Economy pricing The company also offers it cars on economy pricing. In this case, the cost of marketing and manufacturing are kept at a minimum hence becomes a no frills low price for a product such as the cars from this company. (Cinchona, 2005) Other pricing methods are; price skimming, psychological pricing, product line pricing, optional product price, captive product pricing etc. The terms of access of Audi auto company products in the UK market pricing depends on factors such as the current tax rates in UK and the overall demand rate. (Cinchona, 2005) Distribution channel network; Distribution means a network for reaching out to company’s customers. It is important for any company to create well distribution channels that will ensure that the customers are able to get the final product without a lot of hustle.   Audi Auto Company has an elaborate distribution channel of it vehicles that it manufactures in the UK. The company has dealership with various companies and dealers who market its products. The products are market all over the world; the company also have several manufacturing plants in other countries which manufacturers and markets the Audi cars in those countries. Audi Company also has Audi centres, authorized dealers and other group companies which are used as distribution channels. (Audi Auto Company, 2007) Sales network For any company to succeed in its marketing it must have a strong sales network which will ensure that the company’s products reach the targeted market. A good sales network allows the company to be more effective and reach it customers with easy and on time. It also allows the company to respond to its customers’ demands and need more effectively as Dr Martin Wintrkorn chairman of the Board of the management of Audi AG underlines in his speech in the 2004. The company has a strong sales network in Britain that which has ensured the company’s sales remains at the top. He further notes that due to this strong sales network, the company has managed to steady growth rate over 7% in UK. The sales network of the company includes company auto shop that are located in major town and places in the country, and mobile units that serve to deliver cars directly to the customer. Cycle life The company takes almost six months to be able to produce a new model on the market, the design department and the engineering departments are involved in creating new models. A new model is normal based on technology improvement in terms of safety, fuel efficiency. For example, in 1980 Audi manufactured a four wheel car named â€Å"Quattro† which was turbocharged coupe. It took them six months to advance it from the first generation of S4 to the new generation of S6. General this period mat also vary according to the technological improvement that the company will undertake. Advertising practices Advertising is an important marketing tool which is commonly used to market new and existing products. Advertisement process requires huge investments. There are various forms of advertisements; media such as television, radio and newspapers, posters and road shows. The company utilizes all the forms mentions above, to improve its sales. Advertisement is important as it creates awareness of the company’s products and well as keeping the customers informed. Advertisement is on form of market promotion that the company undertakes to promote its new model on the market. Promotion of new models can be carried out in different forms and the most common one is through product life cycle. (Michael, 1985) Audi has undertaken different promotional activities to ensure that its products are marketed to wide areas. The company has a sponsorship deal with Manchester United a foot club in UK as part of its promotion activities. Audi Company also is the official car dealer of the club, and some players like Wayne Rooney, Rio Ferninard and many more drive around in Audi cars. This highly markets the company’s cars. Apart from football the company also is involved in various other sports, giving its support to motor sports and polo game. The company has continued to concentrate on the markets in the UK, as the chairman of Audi Auto Company in UK, Dr. Martin Winterkon pointed out UK market is the biggest for Audi outside Germany and Audi will continue to strive to improve its sales as shown in the last six years. (Audi Auto Company, 2007) The diagram below explains the cycle which products can behave in the global market when it is introduced to the market. It starts from the introduction, growth, maturity and finally the decline when the consumers are fully aware of the products and services and there is no need for further promotions. How to cite Advance Marketing FINAL Revision, Essays

International Business and Enterprise Magnanimous Legal Discontent

Question: Discuss about International Business and Enterprise for Magnanimous Legal Discontent. Answer: Introduction The Oil platform case involving the Islamic republic of Iran and the United States is one that aroused a magnanimous legal discontent in various jurisdictions. This paper is poised to discuss the key facets of the arguments that were evinced by the Islamic Republic of Iran which was the claimant in this case. Facts In 1987 the United States Navy attacked Iranian oil platforms in the Persian Gulf with their guided- missile destroyers that caused an irreparable damage leading to the oil production being brought to an end indefinitely. The United States claimed that the attack was a precipitate of an attack ostensibly held to have been made by the Iranians on Kuwait. In 1988 the Americans made another grisly attack in Nassir and Salman oil platforms which up to date have not resumed operations. The United States antagonistically asserted that the attacks were motivated by the necessity to protect essential security interests and that they were acting in self-defence. Pursuant to the incongruous, outlandish, and unfortunate nature of the actions of the United States, the Islamic Republic of Iran launched a claim against the United States at the International Court of Justice (ICJ). Issue The issue that was in contention and up for determination by the court was whether the United States actions of attacking and destroying the oil platform in Iran violated of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights. whether the United States offended the overarching principle of use of force underpinned by International law. Law The facts in issue above triggered the well settled principle of the use of force and proportionality of a states force in response to an attack in international law. The general position is that states are obligate to refrain from the use of force against the territories of other states in breach of their political independence (UN Chatter Article 2(4)) However, it bears noting that the use of force may be permitted in circumstances where the state is acting in self defense of another attack (UN Chatter Article 51). These principles have since gained the force of customary international law. (Nicaragua v The United States of America 1986) The other applicable law that was triggered and applied by the Islamic Republic Iran here is the application of the 1955 Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights that the two states are a party to. The treaty states that there should be freedom of commerce between party states (Treaty of Amity Article X) It has also been stated that a State party may take necessary measures to ensure international peace and other measures that may be necessary to protect its essential security interest(Article XX (1d)). The treaty also acknowledges that the state parties should promote firm and endure sincere friendship (Treaty of Amity Article 1) Application a) Argument on Use of Force and Self-Defense It was the argument of the Islamic Republic of Iran that the use of force by the United States Navy was in contravention to Article 2(4) of the UN Chatter. They objected the argument that the United States was justified in invoking the right to self defense under international law. They argued that for the self defense to have been justified it must have been in response to an unlawful act rather than a lawful one. They contended that the United States had applied self defensive on measures that were lawful contrary to what was set in the Nicaragua case. In addition , the United states was required to seek the assistance of the Iran which is the victim in this case and if the response is not made then it could regarded as a violations of their rights and the self defense would have been justified. It was also argued that there was no real or imminent danger to the United States that ignited the necessity to respond by use of force in the pretext of a self defense. It was therefor Irans submission that there was no necessity to act using such force in those circumstances. They noted that the legality of the right to self defense was well entrenched in the celebrated case of Caroline (1837). It was submitted that the use force by the United States was not in proportion to the necessities of the particular circumstance of the alleged prior attack. Although the United States claimed that it was acting in self defense, it was argued that the degree and form of measures taken and the target that the self defense measures were applied to were out of proportion (Security Council Resolutions 7598 (1966)). The Islamic Republic of Iran further stated that it had no contention in regards to the fact that United States reported the measures taken to the Security Council as required by article 51 of the UN Chatter. It was brought to the attention of the court that, in fact, the measures taken by the United States could not be defined as a self defense but are regarded as an unlawful reprisal. It defined a measure of self defense as a one that aims to protect which was in contract to the reprisals that are aimed to punish and or wrong committed (Bowett 1972). It was also argued that the response was a premeditated plan of actions and it has been stated in the Corfu Channel case judgment that a premeditated and pre planned measure, where it is carried out as planned ceases to protective and cannot amount to a self defense measure (Corfu Channel Merits Judgment, 1949). It was submitted that the united states were not in a proper position to argue that the measures were necessary to protect its essential security interest as required in Article XX (1d). The actions of the United States were a prima facie breach of the treaty and the use of force went beyond the threshold set for a lawful self defense. The Republic of Iran went on to argue that United States could not invoke the provisions of Article XX (1d) to justify a breach of the obligation that has been bestowed upon them by Article 2(4) of the UN Chatter. b) Argument on generation of active commerce between Iran and the United States Article X of the Treaty of Amity obligates the parties that in their in any measures they undertake they should ensure that they generate an active commerce between them. The State of Iran sought the guidance of the Nicaragua case where it was held that the destruction of the mining ports in Nicaragua by the Unites States was in breach of the freedom of active commerce as was guaranteed by the 1956 treaty. It was thus the argument of Iran that the attack on the mining activities in the oil platforms was an obstacle and a hindrance to the free navigation of commerce activities. They further argued that the attacks on the petroleum installation was a barred the commercial exploitation of its natural resources. It was also noted that Iran had specific contracts it had entered into for the supply of petroleum and the contracts were them frustrated rendering it impossible for them to fulfill their commercial obligation to other states and therefore they could not enjoy the freedom of commerce provisions in the treaty. It was noted in their submissions that the oil production storage and transportation were all destroyed and therefore the fundamental economic and commercial activities entirely ceased to operate. c) Arguments for Breach of Article IV (1) Article IV (I) obligates the parties to the treaty to accord fair and equitable treatment to the nationals and companies of other member states and to their properties and any other enterprises. In doing the treaty obligates the states to refrain any unreasonable measures that will negatively impact on the property of other nationals. It was the argument of the Republic of Iran that the United States had entirely breached this provision through the attacks they made that caused damages that had devastating effects. It was submitted that where a state is acting outside its territories, it should be guided by the aforementioned provisions where it is about to exert state powers the property of the other state within its territory. The use of force by United States was also argued to be in breach of this provisions and the treaty declares such measures as unreasonable and discriminatory measures to all intents and purposes. The attacks offended the principle of fair and equitable treatment in the above provision. From the above arguments, Iran was sufficiently certain that the measure that was applied by the United States was whole an unlawful measure and even if it is a lawful measure where it is excessive and extreme it becomes in violation of Article IV (I). Iran submitted that the complete destruction of an economic activity that is beneficial and dependable to a state economy is the perfect definition of a conduct that is unfair, unjust and inequitable. d) Remedies sought By Islamic Republic of Iran It is a general principle in international law that the breach of an international law obligation involves the party that has caused the breach to adequately make reparations (Factory at Chorzow, Judgment 1927) The republic of Iran thus requested for a declaration be made that the united states violated the treaty of Amity. It was argued that the declaration of illegality perpetrated by the United States was necessary as remedy because of the gravity of the illegal measures that the United States had pursued. It was argued that this form of reparation was recognized by international law tribunal and courts alike. In the case of New Zealand against France (1990) the tribunal ordered reparation in the form of a declaration be made against France which was in breach of its international obligation. The Republic of Iran also made a request for an award of compensation from the United States. This is flows from the fact that the attacks and destructions that were made affected the economic interest of Iran. In the case of the Diplomatic and Consular Staff (1980) the court held that where it is found that a state is liable causing injury to another state it is prudent that an award of compensation be made against that state. It was argued by Iran that the compensation must be in monetary terms and it therefore claimed for compensation for the damages that were caused by the destruction of the oil platforms, the cost of replacements and the costs for reconstruction. The republic of Iran also made request for compensation for the loss of life of the personnel that was working at the oil platform and the injuries that others suffered. Judgment and conclusion The International court of justice took a controversial approach that aroused a magnanimous legal discontent in the legal fraternity. The court held that the United States was in breach of the threshold required for the use of force in self defense and was therefore in violation of international law. The court also held that the United States did not provide sufficient evidence to prove that Iran made an armed attack and therefore their response which was under the guise of a self defense was unwarranted and unnecessary. The requirement of necessity and proportionality in the use of force are principles that have been well affirmed and exemplified by the court in this case. The oil Platform case in general is an educative case that echoes principles of international law that are vital in the modern day with the emerging military activities in the Middle East and Afghanistan. References Bowett, D, W, 1972 "Reprisals Involving Recourse 10 Armed Force", American Journal of International Law, Vol. 66, Caroline Case (1837) 2 Moore Digest of International Law Corfu Channel, United Kingdom v Albania, Judgment, Merits, ICJ GL No 1, [1949] ICJ Rep 4 United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, Judgment, (1980) 1. C. J. Reports, Factory at Chorzw, Germany v Poland, Jurisdiction, Judgment, (1927) PCIJ Series A No 9, ICGJ 247 France-New Zealand Arbitration Tribunal, (1990) 82 I.L.R. 500 Oil Platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America), I.C.J. Reports (2003) Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America) I.C.J. Reports (1984) Security Council Resolutions (1966) Treaty of Amity, Economic Relations and Consular Rights 1995 United Nation Chatter 1945

Friday, May 1, 2020

Review of Theatre Performance Essay Example For Students

Review of Theatre Performance Essay Also the way she carried herself became a lot more stooped which was completely different to the way she was before. Towards the end of the show when it showed her descent in to madness, she seemed so worn and tired that her eyes seemed to be pushed open with cocktail sticks, she looked very gaunt and ill, this was a contrast to her beautiful features at the beginning of the show. The man who played Eddie had a very young, innocent looking face, this helped him very well to portray his role as the 7 year old Eddie, I dont believe he used his posture and body to as much effect as the woman who played his mother, but I was absorbed by his performance because he really did get into his role and suited it so well, when Eddie began to cry in the scene where he almost kissed Linda it was so upsetting that it almost made me want to cry as well, even though the audience was meant to be concentrating on the partnership of Linda and Mickey. All in all I would have to say that the woman who played Eddies mother was better than Eddie himself because she seemed to be really into her role and led me to believe that she really was that character. I think that the audience really really enjoyed the show, because Blood Brothers is a very famous musical and many people love it, the turn out was quite hefty and nobody left with a frown on their face. I think that the best part of the show was when Eddie and Mickey leave the cinema after seeing a pornography film as it is a more light hearted humorous part of the show and it had me laughing when Linda and her friend caught Eddie and Mickey impersonating the porn stars that they had just seen. However something that I did feel needed improvement was the fact that almost every single song that was in the show ended up going into a rendition of a song with you know the devils got your number in the lyrics, which I swear if I ever hear that god awful song again I will rip my ears off.

Friday, April 10, 2020

Sample Essay by Eavan Boland

Sample Essay by Eavan BolandIf you have no experience writing academic essays, a good way to get familiar with this writing method is to read a sample essay by Eavan Boland. The sample essay is included in The Living Quotations of Eavan Boland. He also does some free online reading for students to help them with their writing.The subject of the sample essay is: What is comedy? Boland gives his definition as, a contest between the humorous and the serious, a contest between the humorous and the hilarious. His definition implies that humor is a vital force in human affairs. For example, if we take the ancient Greek and Roman comedies of ancient Greece, there was much humor.The original essay by Eavan Boland is quite long and is over 900 words in length. It is difficult to read, but it does not overwhelm you will have a good time. For example, if you do not understand something or see a word you do not understand, do not hesitate to ask Eavan for clarification. The sample essay is short enough that you can get through it in one sitting and move on to the next.The first paragraph of the essay begins with the question 'What is comedy?' The question is followed by an example of comedy in history. This example is a true story of what Eavan takes to be the best written humor. Another example is considered a favorite by many people who have written essays on humor. There is a story about the clown in a restaurant and the waiter who said, 'Good day, Mr. Who?'The third paragraph is a long story of humorous stories and an example of the humor from the Common Era. This story is the beginning of Eavan's fifth chapter on Humor. There are examples of humor from almost all periods. The fourth paragraph has an example of humor from ancient Egypt. Eavan discusses a famous poem which describes an Egyptian woman's predicament. The bottom line is that humor is a very useful force in human affairs and to use humor without humor is silly.The last paragraph is a review of the importanc e of humor in our culture. Eavan has mentioned the importance of humor in many of his works and readers will benefit from knowing more about humor.

Thursday, March 5, 2020

Verb Endings in -ed and -t

Verb Endings in -ed and -t Verb Endings in -ed and -t Verb Endings in -ed and -t By Maeve Maddox While irregular verbs are often a focus of grammatical errors, regular verbs are a frequent source of spelling errors. Most regular verbs form their past tense by adding -ed to the base: accept/accepted. A few verbs form the past tense with a -t ending: build/built. Some spelling errors result from the fact that the -ed ending may be pronounced in one of three ways: /ed/ complimented /d/ loved /t/ equipped A common spelling error occurs with words that end with the sound /t/, but are spelled with –ed. For example, wrecked, might be misspelled as â€Å"wreckt.† Some of verbs that end with the sound /t/ do spell the sound with -t. bend/bent feel/felt keep/kept leave/left lend/lent lose/lost mean/meant send/sent sleep/slept spend/spent weep/wept Some verbs that end with the /t/ sound may be spelled with either -ed or -t. The -t ending for these verbs is more common in British spelling. burned, burnt dreamed, dreamt kneeled, knelt leaped, leapt leaned, leant learned, learnt smelled, smelt spelled, spelt spilled, spilt spoiled, spoilt Most American speakers would probably consider leapt, leant, learnt, smelt, and spelt out-and-out misspellings. Burnt, dreamt, knelt, spilt, and spoilt, however, do occur in U.S. speech and writing. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:75 Synonyms for â€Å"Angry†Disappointed + PrepositionUsing Writing Bursts to Generate Ideas and Enthusiasm

Tuesday, February 18, 2020

Mass extinction Events - the 6th one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Mass extinction Events - the 6th one - Essay Example appened in the planet’s history, mass extinction is an occasion that mankind cannot penetrate, delay or stop especially if they are the primary ones responsible for the planet’s destruction. One is as responsible as the other towards the maintenance of the planet that mankind is living in. There is no reason for finger pointing at this point as to why things are being experienced worldwide (Hallam & Wignall, 1-5). Mass extinctions already happened more than once in the existence of planet Earth. The first mass extinction was said to have happened approximately 500 million years ago and it was the temperature in the planet’s surface that have changed drastically. This event incurred the massive extinctions of species, plants and animals alike. This brought about changes, mostly physical, to those who survive the extinctions. Others would point out these changes as evolution in the species. They needed to evolve and be able to adapt to the surroundings enabling them to survive. Approximately 250 million years ago, another mass extinction occurred and devastated the planet. It was said that during this second mass extinction, it took a while before the surviving species was able to recover. While others failed to adapt therefore becoming extinct (Frankel, 5-10). During the third mass extinction, it was the aquatic species that was confounded. It was after the fourth mass extinction that r eptiles and dinosaurs were said to have evolved. Then around 65 million years ago, the fifth mass extinction occurred. This is the extinction that the generation of today is more aware (Wicander & Monroe, 242; Hoffman, 176). There are scholars who do believe that mankind and the planet is in the middle of the sixth mass extinction as the planet’s composition has been disturbed massively especially in recent centuries or even decades. As mankind is perceived to become more intelligent, the more it aided the events that may cause the mass extinction and even end the human

Monday, February 3, 2020

Special2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Special2 - Essay Example Q1: The type of partnership that the plaintiff and defendant have established is a Term partnership because it envisages a 2 year term plan, and they have jointly pooled their resources for the operation of partnership business. It is for a profit venture that they have jointly set stakes in the firm and they would have shares profits upon mutual consent. The Uniform Partnership Act states a partnership as "an association of 2 or more persons . . . to carry on as co-owners a business for profit. . . No one factor is alone determinative of the existence of a partnership." In this case, one of the partners claimed that Maslbenden’s participation was just that of a financier and not a partner. However, the Court held that Maslbendens involvement in the business supported the claim that he was a partner. (Lupien v. Malsbenden: Supreme Judicial Court of Maine, 1984). Q5: Yes, the capital contribution by each partner is a significant factor in dividing the assets. The Court would like to know the amounts invested by each partner in order to assess the mode of splitting the firm’s assets. This is because partners may not have brought capital into the business in equal proportions, and therefore, it would not be in legal consistency to divide the assets equally. Verdict: I agree with the Judge’s ruling. This is because, in the absence of written contract, the conduct of the parties would bind the partners. In this case, Jeannie Smithers, the defendant wishes to quit the partnership and have it dissolved. In the event there was a written covenant, it could bind the parties. Even a verbal contract is a contract, but the terms and conditions would be as determined by the parties, which may change from time to time. Moreover, only a written partnership agreement could bind the partners in their relationships with other partners and

Sunday, January 26, 2020

Mechanical barrier against infection

Mechanical barrier against infection Take Home Midterm 1.) One example of a mechanical barrier against infection would be the surface layer of our skin. The surface layer of human skin is acidic and very dry, thus making it difficult for pathogens to survive. In addition to this, the surface layer of human skin consists of dead epithelial cells, under which many viruses have difficulty replicating. Moreover, dead epithelial skin cells are frequently being replaced, and thus pathogens that are present on the skin often do not have a chance to cause infection. Therefore, the surface layer of human skin is a very important mechanical barrier against infections. Sometimes they are circumstances under which the surface layer of our skin can be compromised, thus resulting in infection. Several breaches to the surface layer such as through bites, burns, cuts, or trauma can allow for bacteria to enter into the tissue, thus resulting in infection. One such example of an infection that can result from a breach of the skin is Rocky Mountain spotted fever. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is transmitted from a bite from an infected tick. Rocky Mountain spotted fever is caused from the bacterial organism Rickettsia rickettsii and may cause fever, nausea, abdominal pain, and joint pain. In addition to this, burns to the surface layer of the skin can destroy the protective layer and thus allow for many types of bacteria such as staphylococci to colonize and infect the individual. Thus, the surface layer of our skin is an extremely important mechanical barrier against infection and protects us from surface and environmental pathogens. Church, Diedre, Owen Reid, and Brent Winston. Burn Wound Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2nd ser. 19 (2006): 403-34. PubMed Central. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. CDC, 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . 2.) In recent years, globalization has lead to many issues associated with food borne illnesses. Some of the factors related to this issue are an increase in the amount of food that is traded between countries, international travel and migration of individuals from different countries, and economic and technological advances that have changed the types of foods that individuals eat. In addition to this, the ways in which foods are prepared are changing, and the introduction of new foods to new regions are some of the factors affecting food borne illnesses. Furthermore, dietary habits of individuals are beginning to shift to a healthier diet and more and more individuals are starting to eat more organic and fresh food. To be able to meet these demands, the United States and other countries have to import certain foods on a seasonal basis. For example, according to the CDC, more than 75% of the fresh fruits and vegetables that are available in U.S. markets and restaurants are imported. It has been estimated that the increased demand for fruits and vegetables has nearly doubled the rates of food borne illnesses. Therefore, individuals are at a greater risk to acquire a food borne illness from contaminated food that is imported from other countries. Currently, one of the largest consequences of globalization and international trading is that when food becomes contaminated it can spread all over the world. In years past, food borne illnesses were thought to be local events and it was easier to ascertain the cause of the illness. However, this is no longer the case and takes much longer now that globalization has occurred. One example of a food borne illness that spread to different countries was an outbreak of shigellosis in eight restaurants caused by a common strain of Shigella sonnei that occurred in the United States and Canada between July and August in 1998. It was determined that the illness was associated from the ingestion of parsley. In each case the parsley was found to have been chopped and left at room temperature for several hours before being used. In addition to this, in 6 of the outbreaks it was found that the parsley was traced to a specific farm in Baja California, Mexico. Thus, it was likely that the parsley h ad been contaminated before shipment. Therefore, as seen from these examples, globalization has had a major impact on food borne illnesses and with changes in dietary habits, the increase in international travel and migration, and an increase in imported foods have been some of the main reasons associated with food borne illnesses relating to globalization. Angier. A World in Motion: The Global Movement of People, Products, Pathogens, and Power. The National Academies Press. 2001. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Foodborne Disease Control: A Transnational Challenge. By D. W. Betthcer. 4th ed. Vol. 3. Atlanta: CDC, 2010. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. World Health Organization. Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . 3). According to Dr. Nelson El-Amins lecture, vaccinations have had a large impact on infectious disease rates. One such disease that has seen a dramatic decrease in the number of individuals affected is Tetanus. According to the lecture, the number of individuals that had Tetanus in 1947 was about 560-570. Since vaccination for Tetanus has occurred in the United States, there has been a steady downward decrease in the number of individuals affected. In 2002, the number of individuals affected with Tetanus was about 10-20. In addition to this, another disease that has significantly decreased due to vaccination is the rates of individuals affected with Diphtheria. According to the lecture, in 1940, the number of individuals affected with Diphtheria was about 16,000. Since vaccination for Diphtheria, the rates of those infected have significantly decreased. In 2000, the rate for those infected with Diphtheria was almost non-existent. And finally, another example that was presented in D r. El-Amins lecture was disease rates for Polio. At one time, Polio was the most feared disease in United States and caused either paralysis or death. Before there was a vaccination for Polio, Polio affected more than 20,000 individuals per year. In 1955, the first Polio vaccination was licensed and had a significant impact on the rates of those affected with Polio. Today, there arent any reported cases of Polio in the United States. Thus, as seen from the examples presented in Dr. El-Amins lecture, vaccinations have had a significant impact in reducing the disease rates for many infectious diseases, and in some cases, such as Polio, vaccinations have just about completely eliminated Polio in the United States. El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture. 4). In 1879, Robert Koch discovered the anthrax bacterium and developed the Kochs postulates for causation. There are 4 postulates that Koch believed must be satisfied in order to establish causation. The postulates state: the bacteria must be present in every case of the disease, the bacteria must be isolated from the host with the disease and grown in pure culture, the specific disease must be reproduced when a pure culture of the bacteria is inoculated into a healthy susceptible host, and that the bacteria must be recoverable from the experimentally infected host. One such example of an infectious disease that satisfies the Kochs postulates is Anthrax. Anthrax was the first infectious disease that was discovered by Koch, and it was this disease that gave birth to his 4 postulates. On the contrary, there are exceptions of certain infectious diseases that do not satisfy all of the Kochs postulates. There are many infectious diseases in which infected carriers do not show the signs or symptoms of having the disease. These individuals are thus asymptomatic. One example of this is from the Bartonella species of bacteria. Certain species that are infected with Bartonella do not show any signs of symptoms, whereas other infected species do. Therefore, in cases where the infected individual does not show any signs or symptoms, all the Kochs postulates are not satisfied. In addition to this, certain infectious diseases cannot be grown in pure culture, but rather can only reproduce in living cells. Thus, in cases such as these, the Kochs postulates are also not satisfied. Other examples of infectious diseases that do not satisfy all of the Kochs postulates are cholera, typhoid fever, and herpes simplex. Jacomo, V., and P. J. Kelly. Natural History of Bartonella Infections (an Exception to Kochs Postulate). Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9.1 (2002): 8-18. American Society of Microbiology. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . 5). According to Dr. Nelson El-Amins lecture, there are a few reasons why diseases such as measles and polio have not been completely eradicated even though there are vaccines to prevent these diseases. One of the reasons presented in the lecture for this is due to the fact that some individuals do not receive the vaccination against these diseases out of fear. There are cases of individuals that do not receive measles vaccinations due to concerns that vaccinations have caused certain ailments such as autism. This is evident from a cohort study conducted on unvaccinated children that have not received proper vaccination due to concerns of safety. However, according to the lecture, there is no scientific fact to support the beliefs that autism is associated with the MMR vaccinations. Another reason why certain groups of individuals do not receive vaccinations is because it goes against their religious beliefs and they believe that they do not need to receive a vaccination in order to be protected against diseases. Some of the characteristics for individuals that have not received proper vaccination are individuals that are young, individuals that do not know their vaccination status, and individuals that have migrated from other countries. According to the lecture, in cases in which individuals have not received vaccination, 76% of those individuals are less than 20 years old. In addition to this, 91% of unvaccinated individuals do not know their vaccination status. And furthermore, 89% of unvaccinated individuals are people that have migrated from other countries. Therefore, the evidence shows that the reasons why certain diseases such as polio and measles have not been completely eradicated are due to the fact that not everybody has received proper vaccination. This is either due from individuals refusing to receive vaccination out of fear or some other belief, certain individuals do not know that they have not received proper vaccination, or certain individuals have migrated from other coun tries and have not received all their vaccinations. El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture. 6). According to Dr. Wohls lecture on HIV/AIDS, the distribution of AIDS diagnoses has changed amongst the different race/ethnic groups since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. For example, in 1985, about 60% of the total AIDS cases were amongst Caucasians, about 27% were amongst Black/African Americans, about 16% were amongst Hispanic/Latinos, about 1% were amongst Asians, and less than 1% were amongst American Indian/Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander. As of 2007, these rates have changed amongst the different race/ethnic groups. For example, for Caucasians the rates have decreased to about 28% of the total AIDS cases. On the contrary, rates for Black/African Americans have increased to about 48% of the total AIDS cases. In addition to this, rates for Hispanic/Latinos have also increased to about 21% of the total AIDS cases. For Asians, the rates have remained constant at around 1% of the total cases, and the rates amongst American Indian/Alaska Native and Na tive Hawaiian/other Pacific Islander have also remained constant at around less than 1% of the total AIDS cases. According to the lecture, SHAS examined time intervals between when a person first learned that they had HIV and when they were diagnosed with AIDS. As indicated by the findings, detection rates varied significantly between different racial/ethnic groups. The results showed that Caucasians were more likely than Black/African American or Hispanic/Latinos to have their HIV infection to be detected early (more than 5 years) before their onset of AIDS. Thus, many more Caucasians were more likely to fall into the â€Å"early detection† group in comparison to other racial groups. In contrast to this, Hispanic/Latinos were much more likely than any other racial group to have their HIV infection detected very late (within a year) in their progress to AIDS diagnosis. Thus, Hispanic/Latinos were more likely to fall into the â€Å"very late detection† group in comparison to other racial groups. Black/African Americans were also very likely to have their HIV infections detected ver y late prior to coming down with an AIDS diagnosis, however, the rates of Black/African Americans in the â€Å"very late detection† group was lower than that of Hispanic/Latinos. The rates between racial/ethnic groups for individuals that had their HIV infection detected between 13 and 60 months prior to AIDS diagnosis (â€Å"late detection) was relatively equal between all of the racial/ethnic groups. In addition to these finding, according to the lecture, it was shown that in Los Angeles, individuals that were more likely to be late testers were found to be women, Black/African Americans, foreign born Latinos, U.S. born Latinos, those exposed to HIV via heterosexual contact, young individuals, and less educated individuals. There are many implications associated with late detection of HIV. Individuals infected with HIV that are diagnosed later in life, are not able to receive proper antiretroviral therapy. And thus, those individuals are more likely to suffer from adverse effects in comparison to individuals that are diagnosed earlier in life who are able to receive the proper medication to help slow down their onset of AIDS. In addition to this, individuals that are detected of having HIV later in life are more likely to affect other individuals, thus spreading HIV to other unknowing individuals and further exacerbating the issue. Therefore, as shown from the lecture, there are many negative implications of late detection, and it has also been shown that the distribution of AIDS has changed significantly amongst racial/ethnic groups since the beginning of the AIDS epidemic. Wohl, Amy R. HIV and AIDS: Worldwide, the U.S. and Los Angeles County. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 18 Feb. 2010. Lecture. Works Cited Angier. A World in Motion: The Global Movement of People, Products, Pathogens, and Power. The National Academies Press. 2001. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. Church, Diedre, Owen Reid, and Brent Winston. Burn Wound Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2nd ser. 19 (2006): 403-34. PubMed Central. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . El Amin, Alvin N. The Changing Epidemiology of Vaccine Preventable Diseases. Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 11 Mar. 2010. Lecture. Jacomo, V., and P. J. Kelly. Natural History of Bartonella Infections (an Exception to Koch?s Postulate). Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 9.1 (2002): 8-18. American Society of Microbiology. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Viral and Rickettsial Diseases. CDC, 1 Apr. 2008. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Foodborne Disease Control: A Transnational Challenge. By D. W. Betthcer. 4th ed. Vol. 3. Atlanta: CDC, 2010. National Center for Infectious Diseases. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . United States. World Health Organization. Food Safety and Foodborne Illness. Web. 31 Mar. 2010. . Wohl, Amy R. HIV and AIDS: Worldwide, the U.S. and Los Angeles County. PM 527 Infectious Disease Epidemiology Class. Los Angeles. 18 Feb. 2010. Lecture.